Adult Critical Care Specialty (ACCS) Practice Exam

What electrolyte abnormality is commonly associated with acute renal failure?

1. Hyponatremia

2. Hyperkalemia

3. Hypocalcemia

4. Hypercalcemia

The correct answer is: Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia is commonly associated with acute renal failure due to the kidneys' decreased ability to excrete potassium. In normal physiological conditions, the kidneys play a crucial role in regulating potassium levels by filtering and excreting excess potassium from the bloodstream. However, when renal function declines, this excretion process is impaired, leading to an accumulation of potassium in the blood. This condition can be particularly dangerous, as elevated potassium levels may result in life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, monitoring potassium levels and managing hyperkalemia is a critical component of care for patients experiencing acute renal failure. Other electrolyte abnormalities may also occur in the context of acute renal failure, but they are not as commonly associated as hyperkalemia. For example, while hyponatremia can occur, it is often linked to a different set of pathophysiological processes. Similarly, hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia can arise, but they are less directly related to the impaired renal function characteristic of acute renal failure.